🚋 Mini Germany 3D

The public transport of German cities, live on a photorealistic 3D map. Trams, subways, S-Bahn trains, buses and ferries run their real timetables along their real routes over Google's 3D city models – with the ships in the harbour and the aircraft overhead where they really are, the weather the city has right now, and a clock you can set to any moment of the day.

Live at minigermany3d.com. Inspired by mini-tokyo-3d, built with CesiumJS and Google Photorealistic 3D Tiles.

Nothing on the map is invented: what runs here runs in reality too, on the same route at the same time. A line that pauses for the weekend pauses here as well. Trains and buses are simulated from the timetable and the reported delays – their positions are calculated, not tracked. Ships and aircraft are the exception: they come from AIS and ADS-B transponders and move when they transmit.

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What you see

The network, as it runs today. Every line's real OSM geometry, its stops, and the GTFS departures of one service day, played back as vehicles – short workings, tunnels, bridges and the Saturday-only lines included. GTFS-Realtime delays shift each vehicle along its trip. Clicking a vehicle opens its card and a chase camera; clicking a stop opens its departure board.

Berlin's trams M4, M6 and M8 and the bus 200 at Mollstraße/Otto-Braun-Straße in the morning rush hour	The S1 to Warnemünde at Lütten Klein in the evening, with two buses of line 38 – the cabin glow and the street lamps follow the simulated clock

The harbour and the sky, live. AIS positions from aisstream.io put every ship in the city's box on the water, as one of sixteen procedural hulls stretched to her reported size, clamped to the tiles' own water – inland too, where the river is a staircase of lock reaches. ADS-B positions from adsb.fi put every aircraft over the city in the air, at cruise as on final, banking and pitching as reported, landing gear out on approach. Both are recorded: a clock set back replays the last five days.

Hamburg, Waltershof: the box ships at their berths, each the size AIS reports	Frankfurt: following a 747-8 on final, with its ADS-B card
Kiel-Holtenau: three ships in the locks of the Kiel Canal, the pilot boat waiting outside	Warnemünde before sunrise: the ferry BERLIN putting out to sea between the mole lights, the lighthouse's beam on the water, the fairway's buoys lit

A clock, not a feed. The time field and the calendar set the simulated moment, the time-lapse runs it at up to ×120 forward or backward, and everything follows: the sun and the night, the street lamps, the airfield lights, the lighthouses, the weather of that quarter hour (Open-Meteo keeps its past), and the recordings of the harbour and the sky.

The sky over the city. Rain, cloud cover, wind, visibility and the temperature on the weather button come from Open-Meteo for the moment on the clock. The rain greys the photo tiles and falls in streaks, and poor visibility lights the airfields by day. Switched on in the weather popover, volumetric clouds are ray-marched from the live cover, drift with the reported wind, shadow the streets and drop the rain from their base. The same popover swaps the live sky for a sunny, overcast or rainy one.

Two more readings of the city. The line diagram pulls every line straight into a row with its stops at their true distances – the vehicles keep running on the rows – and the underground view looks at the city from beneath its tunnels. The globe on the control dial swaps Google's tiles for a flat street map.

The line diagram: every line a row, every stop at its distance – a tram of line 2 picked, its card with the stops ahead and the connections at Paulstraße

The underground view: Berlin's U1 and U2 at Wittenbergplatz, the city dimmed above them	Cologne on the flat map, with Windy's webcams floating over their spots

And the rest, briefly:

• Photo mode – focal length (a dolly zoom), exposure, white balance, contrast, saturation, vignette, a framing grid and a tilt-shift miniature look with its own knobs; every setting rides in the URL, so a link is a picture. A camera path bar flies a dolly shot between two saved views.
• Night – the tiles graded into a blue night, a cabin-light pool under every vehicle and its headlights and tail lights, OSM street lamps along the routes, runway and taxiway lights in ICAO colours, buoy lanterns, sector lights and rotating lighthouse optics, navigation lights on ships and aircraft.
• Cards – vehicle (line, destination, next stop, delay, interchange), stop (departures with live countdowns), line, city (the network in numbers, as the data states them), ship and aircraft.
• Webcams – Windy's cameras as pictures floating over the spot they look from.
• A page per city – /berlin/, /en/berlin/ – prerendered as plain HTML for crawlers, link previews and browsers without WebGL, with a welcome screen as the front door, a legal and a privacy notice, and the interface in English and German.
• A phone gets one sheet at the foot of the screen and a lighter render profile.
• Keyboard – Space pause, +/− time-lapse, N now, S/U/L surface, underground, line diagram, R home view, C turn, 2/3 flat and tilted, M miniature, F full screen, H hide the interface, Esc close, ? About. Shift, ⌘ or Ctrl held while dragging tilts and turns the camera, as in Google Maps.

Cities

City	Lines on the map	Notes
Rostock (default)	6 trams, ~25 buses, S1–S3, the two Warnow ferries	Street lamps from the city's open-data import
Kiel	~40 KVG buses, the SFK ferries F1 and F2	Routes clipped to the padded box so Laboe and Strande stay on the map
Hamburg	U1–U4, S-Bahn, 26 Metrobus lines, 8 HADAG ferries	Carries its own terrain tiles where Mapterhorn's import has holes
Lübeck	28 city buses, out to Travemünde	No feed carries the Priwall ferry's timetable, so it is left off
Wilhelmshaven	14 buses	The AIS backdrop is the point: Germany's only deep-water container port
Bremen	8 trams and 3 night trams, ~40 buses, RS1–RS4	The Weser ferries have no OSM relations and no timetable; AIS shows the boats
Schwerin	4 trams, 15 buses	The Pfaffenteich ferry has no timetable in any feed and is left off
Berlin	U1–U9, S-Bahn, all 22 trams, Metrobus + 100/200/300, 6 BVG ferries	The other 150 bus lines are left out for load (~700 vehicles at rush hour already)
Hanover	15 Stadtbahn lines, S-Bahn, 24 buses	The Stadtbahn is light_rail to OSM (osmRoutes) and an underground to GTFS (gtfs.routeTypes)
Cologne	12 Stadtbahn lines, S6/S11/S12/S19, ~60 KVB buses	The 181 is out until its OSM relation is whole again
Frankfurt	U1–U9, 10 trams, S-Bahn, Metrobus lines	Express buses are regional and excluded
Stuttgart	16 Stadtbahn lines, S-Bahn, 48 SSB buses	Stadtbahn tagged light_rail in OSM; the routes climb 300 m
Munich	U1–U8, S1–S8 and S20, 16 trams, MetroBus and ExpressBus	The U8 is Saturday-only and correctly idle on weekdays; no navigable water, no AIS

S-Bahn and regional lines are cut at the city limits; a line from outside that the cut leaves under a kilometre is left off. Every city has a page of its own: /<slug>/ in German, /en/<slug>/ in English.

Quick start

npm install        # also copies the Cesium assets to public/cesium (postinstall)
npm run dev        # → http://localhost:5173

Tokens live in .env (see .env.example), never in the source:

Variable	For
VITE_CESIUM_ION_TOKEN	Google's 3D tiles via Cesium ion (asset 2275207 must be enabled in the account). Without it the map is a wireframe globe. The deployed site is built with a token restricted to minigermany3d.com in .github/workflows/ci.yml
VITE_MAPBOX_TOKEN	The flat map's raster tiles (optional; without it the flat map is a bare globe). The styles must be classic Mapbox styles, see src/config.ts
AISSTREAM_KEY, WINDY_KEY	The dev server's AIS and webcam proxies (optional; production reads its own key files, see Deployment)
VITE_GTFS_RT_URL	Overrides the realtime endpoint; an empty string disables GTFS-RT
VITE_OPERATOR_NAME, VITE_OPERATOR_STREET, VITE_OPERATOR_PLACE, VITE_OPERATOR_EMAIL	The provider named in the legal and privacy notices (src/lib/legal.ts); placeholders without them. The deployed site takes them from the repository's secrets

npm test               # unit tests (Vitest)
npm run test:e2e       # Playwright, fully offline (?offline=1) and deterministic
npm run typecheck      # tsc -b (the solution build; it is what includes tests/)

URLs

The city is the path, everything else is the hash – written as the view settles, so the address bar is always a link to what you see.

Parameter	Effect
/kiel/, /en/kiel/	The city, and the language the interface speaks
#lat=…&lon=…&height=…&heading=…&pitch=…	The camera pose
#vehicle=…, #vessel=<mmsi>, #aircraft=<hex>, #stop=…	A selection: opens its card and follows it (a ship or aircraft only while it is still reported)
&date=2026-09-14&time=08:30	The clock as set in the panel – the entry, not the running clock
&view=linear, &view=underground	The line diagram, or the city from beneath
&basemap=flat	The flat street map instead of Google's tiles
&hide=tram,bus,ais,aircraft	Traffic categories switched off as a whole
&routes=0&stops=0&labels=0&webcams=0&clouds=1&paused=1	Layer switches, the 3D clouds, the pause – only where they deviate from the defaults
&tiltshift=1&fov=40&ev=0.5&wb=5600&con=1.2&sat=0.8&vig=0.3&grid=1&blur=…&band=…&fthr=…&foc=…&bok=…&shp=…	The photo mode, knob by knob, only where a knob stands off its default (src/lib/photo-settings.ts)
&path=lat,lon,height,heading,pitch;…&dur=20&ease=linear	A camera path; ?play=1 flies it once the city is up
?time=08:30, ?speed=60, ?paused=1	Boot flags: the simulation clock, the time-lapse factor (negative runs backward), frozen at start
?offline=1	No ion/Google access, wireframe globe (the basis of the tests)
?welcome=0 / ?welcome=1	Skip the welcome screen for this visit, or force it
?lang=de / ?lang=en	Force the interface language for one visit
?rt=0, ?rain=0, ?lamps=0, ?seamarks=0, ?webcams=0, ?ais=0, ?aircraft=0	Leave the realtime delays, the live weather, the night lighting, the buoys and lighthouses, the webcams, the ships or the aircraft out
?tier=mobile / ?tier=desktop	Force the render profile (src/lib/render-profile.ts)
?sse=<n>, ?drops=<n>	Debug: the tile screen-space error, the rain pool cap

Data

A city is a folder under src/cities/ with a hand-written definition and the files the pipeline generates for it:

src/cities/kiel/
├── city.json             # the definition (below)
├── limits.json           # the city limits polygon – written by add-city, read by the pipeline
├── network.json          # lines, routes, stops – data:update, data:simplify, data:heights
├── schedule.json         # real departure times – data:gtfs
├── street-lamps.json     # OSM lamps along the routes – data:lamps
├── airfield-lights.json  # OSM runway and taxiway lights in the box – data:airfield-lights
├── buoys.json            # OSM buoys in the box – data:buoys
├── lighthouses.json      # OSM lighthouses and pier lights in the box – data:lighthouses
└── terrain/              # the city's own terrain tiles over Mapterhorn's – optional

Sources. Routes, stops, tunnels, bridges, lamps, airfield lights, buoys and lighthouses come from OpenStreetMap through Overpass. Terrain heights come from Mapterhorn's tiles, built from the states' open 1 m elevation models, sampled per route vertex, stop and lamp, with a vertex added wherever a straight stretch's height would miss the terrain (bridge decks are measured on Google's tiles at run time instead, since a bare-earth model knows no viaduct, and the stops measured there correct the routes' height around them). Timetables come from the Germany-wide gtfs.de feed (DELFI): one service day per city, the busiest of the next three weeks, every trip with its own stop times (as shared patterns, so a city's file stays small; where the free feed carries only a trip's first time, as for Bremen's and Hanover's buses and trams, the run between stops is derived from the route length) and the GTFS trip ids kept for matching the realtime feed. Lines without GTFS trips stay off the map – a line that is suspended for track works does not run here either.

city.json (typed and validated by src/lib/city.ts):

• cityBounds, paddingMeters, boundingBox – the city limits from OSM (osmRelation, the largest outer ring) and the padded rectangle everything shares: the pipeline's queries, the AIS subscription, the camera's leash (20 km on every side by default).
• home – the home view; weather – where the live weather is queried.
• network – the modes to fetch, how each mode's relations are narrowed in OSM (overpass: operator, ref, service, network as regexes; osmRoutes where the city's tagging differs), lines addressed by relation id (fixedLines, ferries mostly), and where a route leaving the city is cut (clip: city, box, none).
• gtfs – the feed's stop-name prefix (nameStrip), the branch stations that tell an S-Bahn's legs apart (trainBranches), the route_type values a mode is looked up under where the feed disagrees (routeTypes).
• fleet – per mode the vehicle dimensions and the glTF consist (VEHICLE_CONSISTS in src/map/VehicleLayer.ts).
• terrain – the Mapterhorn zoom, the geoid offset, the water level ferries ride at (null where the terrain carries the lakes, as Berlin's does), the attribution line the state's licence asks for.
• ais – whether the backdrop is on, and the MMSIs of ships the map already runs from a timetable (simulatedByMmsi), so no crossing carries two boats.
• webcams – Windy camera ids to leave off.

Adding a city:

node scripts/add-city.mjs kiel 27021        # bounds from OSM → src/cities/kiel/city.json
# edit city.json: home view, modes/operators, fleet, terrain, ferries' AIS twins
npm run data:update -- --city kiel          # then data:simplify, data:heights, data:lamps,
                                            # data:airfield-lights, data:buoys, data:lighthouses
npm run data:gtfs                           # once for every city – the feed is streamed once
node scripts/build-og-images.mjs            # link-preview picture → public/og/kiel.png
node scripts/build-globe-images.mjs         # the rail globe's stills → public/globe/

…then list it in src/cities/definitions.ts and add city.name.kiel to both i18n tables and a tests/kiel.test.ts. Every script takes -- --city <slug> and runs for every city without it. The unit tests validate every city's definition and network.

Refresh. A scheduled CI run refreshes the data every night: the GTFS schedules on every run, the OSM network and its heights on Sundays, the lamps, airfield lights, buoys and lighthouses on the month's first Sunday. Files are byte-stable across reruns, so a night that changed nothing deploys nothing. A line the feed does not run on the chosen day stands still, with the reason in the schedule (meta.idle) and its name in the night's commit message; a city whose new data fails the tests keeps its previous data while the others are committed, and an issue says which and why. Overpass mirrors fail often; the scripts retry, refuse a mirror whose data is more than two days old, and can be pointed at OVERPASS_URL=… or a saved OVERPASS_FILE=…. The GTFS feed is cached under scripts/.cache/gtfs.zip.

Live data

Feed	Endpoint	What happens
GTFS-Realtime (gtfs.de, TripUpdates)	/api/realtime?city=…	The >10 MB feed is fetched once a minute server-side, filtered to the city's trip ids, and polled by the browser every two minutes. Delays shift vehicles along their trips; no vehicle positions
AIS (aisstream.io)	/api/ais?city=…	One WebSocket subscribed to every city's box; the production keeper listens in 45 s windows from a cron. Every fix is archived per city and UTC hour, five days kept, and replayed when the clock is set back
ADS-B (adsb.fi open data)	/api/aircraft?city=…	Polled every five seconds per city; a keeper polls one circle over all cities every ten seconds from a cron and records five days. Playback 12 s behind, dead-reckoned 20 s ahead; landings come down onto the clamped runway
Weather (Open-Meteo)	direct	Rain, cloud cover, temperature, wind and visibility on a quarter-hour grid, the last five days included, so the sky follows the simulated clock
Webcams (Windy)	/api/webcams?city=…	Pictures polled every ten minutes through a proxy that keeps the key

Each endpoint has a Vite middleware for development and a PHP twin in server/api/ for shared hosting; parity scripts (scripts/test-*.mjs) hold the two to the same output and run in CI.

Deployment

.github/workflows/ci.yml typechecks, tests, builds and rsyncs dist/ plus the PHP scripts and each city's city.json and schedule.json to a shared webspace (Apache + PHP) after every push to main; a push that touches only Markdown files and docs/ starts no run, since neither reaches the site. Secrets: DEPLOY_SSH_HOST, DEPLOY_SSH_USER, DEPLOY_SSH_PASSWORD, DEPLOY_TARGET_DIR (the document root as the SSH login sees it, with a trailing slash – on a chrooted login an absolute path; one level too high, and the rsync deletes the archives beside it), WINDY_KEY, CRON_KEY, and the provider's details for the legal notice as OPERATOR_NAME, OPERATOR_STREET, OPERATOR_PLACE and OPERATOR_EMAIL. The rsync deletes what it does not carry, so everything the site reads or writes at run time sits beside the document root, never in it:

websites/mini-germany-3d/            ← DEPLOY_TARGET_DIR's parent
├── aisstream.io-api-key.txt         # read by api/ais.php
├── windy-api-key.txt                # fallback for api/webcams.php
├── ais-archive/<slug>/*.ndjson      # written by api/ais.php, five days kept
├── aircraft-archive/<slug>/*.ndjson # written by api/aircraft.php?record=…, five days kept
└── website/                         ← DEPLOY_TARGET_DIR, the domain points here
    ├── index.html, assets/, …       # the build – an index.html per city and language
    └── api/                         # the PHP scripts and their city.json copies

Two crons keep the recordings going, each every minute: /api/ais?listen=45&key=… and /api/aircraft?record=50&key=…, the key being the CRON_KEY secret, which the deploy writes next to the scripts – without it, either call is answered 403 (and without the secret, anyone may start them). A manual workflow run with deploy_preview puts a branch on the live site (there is only one document root), restore_production puts the last good main build back in a minute; builds are kept as artifacts named after their source tree and reused across runs.

Architecture

src/
├── config.ts               # tokens, camera, simulation parameters – the same for every city
├── cities/                 # definitions.ts (the list), index.ts (lazy data per city), <slug>/
├── data/                   # the generated files' types and preparation (distances, mirroring, fleet)
├── lib/                    # pure logic: city.ts, clock.ts, timetable.ts, geo.ts, tunnels.ts,
│                           # camera-hash.ts, camera-path.ts, site-path.ts / site-pages.ts (the pages),
│                           # legal.ts, i18n.ts, weather.ts, the AIS/ADS-B/GTFS-RT clients and their
│                           # shared extractors and archives, nav-lights.ts, seamark-lights.ts,
│                           # lighthouse-beam.ts, linear-layout.ts, render-profile.ts, …
├── engine/simulation.ts    # clock + timetable → vehicle snapshots per tick
├── map/CesiumMap.ts        # viewer, Google tiles, the leash and home view, the flight between
│                           # cities, follow camera, day/night, event-driven render requests
├── map/*Layer.ts           # routes, stops, lamps, airfield lights, buoys, lighthouses, vehicles,
│                           # AIS vessels, ADS-B aircraft, webcams – each with clear() for the next city
├── map/*.ts                # the stateless effects: FunnelSmoke, Wake, NavLights, LighthouseBeams,
│                           # StopDiscs, CloudLayer, the photo grade and tilt-shift passes,
│                           # InstancedWagons (the fleet's wagons, one draw per model),
│                           # bridge-decks, water-clamp, height-field, the flat basemap,
│                           # LinearView (the diagram)
├── components/             # shadcn-style UI: welcome screen, control panel, cards, popovers,
│                           # the camera path bar, the About/Credits/Legal dialogs, ui/*
└── App.tsx                 # the viewer effect (once), the city session effect (per city),
                            # the render loop's pacing, the test API (window.__mg3d)

server/api/                 # realtime.php, ais.php, aircraft.php, webcams.php – the PHP twins
scripts/                    # the data pipeline (fetch-*.mjs, simplify-network.mjs, add-city.mjs,
                            # hold-back-cities.mjs for the night a city's data fails),
                            # build-vehicle-models.mjs (procedural GLBs for vehicles, ships, aircraft,
                            # buoys), build-og-images.mjs, build-globe-images.mjs,
                            # build-readme-screenshots.mjs, build-terrain-patch.mjs, test-*.mjs (parity)
tests/                      # Vitest – incl. one file per city pinning its lines, heights and fleet
e2e/                        # Playwright, offline and deterministic
.claude/                    # Claude Code: hooks, the commit and measure skills (measure.mjs times
                            # frames on the real GPU), review and data agents, hookify rules

How the simulation works. Departures and every trip's stop times come from schedule.json; between two stops a vehicle accelerates and brakes at its mode's rate, and a trip the feed gives no usable times runs at a mode-specific cruise speed with a dwell. Every tick the distance along the route is interpolated per active trip and turned into a position and heading. Vehicles ride the route's terrain profile – set onto Google's tiles by an offset measured at the stops – and, on a bridge, the deck measured on the tiles; the ferries and ships float on the tiles' own water through a rationed clamp pick; stops re-measure their height as the camera approaches. Rendering is event-driven: frames are drawn when something on screen has moved by half a pixel, not on a timer.

A city switch is a swap, not a reload: the viewer, the tileset and the render loop live for the session, a city is a session on top of them. The camera flies to the next home view, the layers of the old city go down halfway, the new city's data chunk comes in.

The decisions behind all of this – what was measured, what was tried and dropped, and what must not be re-litigated – are written down in PROJECT-PLAN-DECISIONS.md.

Attribution

• Map rendering: CesiumJS (Apache-2.0); tiles © Google – use of the Photorealistic 3D Tiles is subject to the Google Maps Platform terms; the attribution is displayed by Cesium
• Network data, street lamps, airfield lighting, buoys and lighthouses: © OpenStreetMap contributors, ODbL 1.0
• Flat map: © Mapbox © OpenStreetMap contributors – Mapbox's Static Tiles API, with its attribution and "Improve this map" link on the map while the flat map is up
• The globe on the control rail: three stills per city from Mapbox's Static Images API – the light and the dark map © Mapbox © OpenStreetMap, the satellite picture © Mapbox © Maxar – credited in the credits dialog
• Webcam pictures: Windy.com Webcams API – shown as delivered, each linked to its windy.com page, with the courtesy line in the credit display
• Air traffic: adsb.fi open data – for personal, non-commercial use, cited with a link in the credits dialog
• Harbour traffic: aisstream.io
• Weather: Open-Meteo (CC BY 4.0)
• Terrain heights: © Mapterhorn, built from © GeoBasis-DE/M-V (DGM1, CC BY 4.0) for Rostock and Schwerin, from © GeoBasis-DE/LVermGeo SH (DGM1, CC BY 4.0) for Kiel and Lübeck, from © Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg, Landesbetrieb Geoinformation und Vermessung (DGM1, dl-de/by-2-0) for Hamburg (src/cities/hamburg/terrain/, the same model Mapterhorn's Hamburg tiles are built from), from © Landesamt GeoInformation Bremen (ATKIS DGM1, CC BY 4.0) for Bremen, from Geoportal Berlin / ATKIS DGM (Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung, Bauen und Wohnen, dl-de/zero-2.0) for Berlin, from Geobasis NRW – DGM1 (Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, dl-de/zero-2.0) for Cologne, from © Bayerische Vermessungsverwaltung (DGM1, CC BY 4.0) for Munich, from © Landesamt für Geoinformation und Landesvermessung Niedersachsen (DGM1, CC BY 4.0) for Hanover and Wilhelmshaven, from © Hessisches Ministerium für Umwelt, Klimaschutz, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz (ATKIS-DGM1, dl-de/zero-2.0) for Frankfurt and from © LGL, www.lgl-bw.de (DGM1, dl-de/by-2-0) for Stuttgart – shown in the app inside Cesium's "Data attribution" credits
• Timetable data: gtfs.de / DELFI – observe the source's licence terms