fix(bmm150): Phase A wrapper fixes for silent failure mode

[eigger]

Summary

• Fix BMM150 wrapper layer defects (A-1 through A-10): delay_us 1000x bug, inverted I2C callback return codes, chip ID validation, runtime intf_rslt checks, overflow filtering, dead code removal, dump_config/sensor.py cleanup
• Sensor absent or I2C failure now calls mark_failed()/status_set_warning() instead of silently publishing -32768
• Vendor files (bmm150_lib.c/h, bmm150_defs.h) unchanged; work order added at repo root

Test plan

• esphome compile tests/components/bmm150/test.esp32-idf.yaml (ESP-IDF, exit 0)
• git diff confirms vendor 3 files untouched
• Hardware: sensor present/absent scenarios (requires M5 Unit GNSS on stable I2C bus)
• Phase B (heading/calibration) deferred to follow-up PR

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